Geologie

An Analysis of Water Usage and Quality in the State of Bauchi, Nigeria

Bachelor Thesis from the year 2018 in the subject Geography / Earth Science - Geology, Mineralogy, Soil Science, grade: 1, , language: English, abstract: Water is one of the most important natural resources that man is endowed with. Water is next to air as a major sustainer of life in addition to serving as a vital substance for human existence. It plays a major role in progress of our life and National development. In Nigeria majority of the water used domestically in villages, towns and cities are from the ground water resources.Water quality comprises of knowing the Geology and hydrogeology and environmental of the area of interest. In studying the Geology of an area one has to know the different rock types that bear the water in that area and the structures associated with it. Hydrogeology is area of geology that deals with the distribution and movement of groundwater in the soil and rocks of the earth's crust. It deals with flow of water through aquifers and other shallow porous media.The main aims and objectives of the study are as follows;1. Determine the ground water quality in the boreholes and hand dug wells in the area and its suitability for domestic and agricultural uses.2. To provide information for the use of organizations interested in ground water resource development in the area.3. To satisfy one of the requirements for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) in applied Geology at the Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University.

Aquaculture Profile of the Naitasiri Province

Bodenversauerung und Nährstoffverluste in Mitteleuropa

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2011 im Fachbereich Geowissenschaften / Geographie - Geologie, Mineralogie, Bodenkunde, Note: 1,0, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena (Institut für Geographie), Veranstaltung: Physische Geographie II, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Im humiden Klima Mitteleuropas handelt es sich bei der Bodenversauerung um einen natürlichen Prozess. In den vergangenen Jahrzehnten weiteten sich jedoch die Auswirkungen, welche die Versauerung von Böden mit sich bringt, immer weiter aus. So wurden häufig Veränderungen der Artenzusammensetzung von Flora und Fauna in Gewässern verzeichnet, die sich in unmittelbarer Nähe von Bodenversauerung betroffener Regionen befinden. Zudem wurden auch häufiger Belastungen im Trinkwasser bemerkt, welches aus diesen Gewässern gewonnen wurde. Diese Feststellungen deuten darauf hin, dass der Prozess der Bodenversauerung in Mitteleuropa zusätzlich durch anthropogene Einflüsse beschleunigt wird, wozu beispielsweise saure Niederschläge zählen, die Resultat der Industrialisierung und der damit einhergehenden Emission von Säurebildnern aus fossilen Energiequellen sind. In dieser Arbeit sollen die unterschiedlichen Ursachen und Auswirkungen der Bodenversauerung untersucht werden. Darüber hinaus soll geklärt werden, wie sich die Bodenversauerung auf den Nährstoffgehalt in Böden und somit auf deren landwirtschaftliche Nutzbarkeit auswirkt. Dazu erfolgen zunächst in den ersten beiden Kapiteln eine Klärung des Begriffs "Bodenversauerung" sowie eine Erläuterung jener Prozesse, die diese einerseits beschleunigen und andererseits in ihrer Geschwindigkeit hemmen. Anschließend werden die Folgen vorgestellt, die versauerte Böden mit sich bringen, um danach eine Gegenmaßnahme anzusprechen, mit deren Hilfe die Qualität saurer Böden wieder verbessert werden kann. Während das sechste Kapitel einen Überblick über im Boden vorkommende Nährstoffe liefert, werden danach Prozesse vorgestellt, die Nährstoffverluste hervorrufen können. Anschließend wird auch für diese Problematik eine Gegenmaßnahme beschrieben, die dem Boden die verlorenen Nährstoffe wieder zuführt und zuletzt werden die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse zusammengefasst.

Características Petrológicas y Geoquímicas de los Intrusivos Relacionados a la Mineralización y Paragénesis del Skarn tipo IOCG en la Zona Minera de Las Minas, Estado de Veracruz

Tesis del año 2016 en eltema Ciencias de la Tierra / Geografía - Geología, mineralogía, pedología, , Materia: LICENCIATURA, Idioma: Español, Resumen: El área de Las Minas centro de Veracruz, próximo al límite de Puebla, 50 kilómetros al noroeste de la ciudad de Xalapa y ocho kilómetros al noroeste de las Vigas Ramírez, está constituida por grandes paquetes de caliza del Cretácico Inferior (Ki), que corresponden a la Formación Orizaba. Estas han sido fuertemente afectadas por plegamientos Laramídicos así como por rocas plutónicas de composición desde gabroica hasta granítica las que generaron un metamorfismo de contacto y skarn además de bancos de mármol. El Cenozoico está representado por una secuencia ígnea extrusiva (piroclástica principalmente), como son tobas basálticas, ceniza volcánica y dacitas del Terciario Inferior (Tpal) y Holoceno.Ese metamorfismo de contacto, que dio paso a la formación del skarn presenta un patrón general de zonación; en la parte proximal (endoskarn), de alta temperatura, se tienen granates, piroxenos, cuarzo, cobre y oro, cuya mena está compuesta de magnetita, calcopirita, bornita y oro asociado del tipo IOCG; mientras, que en las partes distales (exoskarn), wollastonita, clinopiroxenos, cuarzo y la epidota como indicadores de la proximidad al ambiente rico en Ca y Fe y en el contacto entre skarn y mármol hay calcita y diopsida. La mineralización de Las Minas tiene una afinidad con un sistema hidrotermal profundo completo, derivado de las intrusiones post-Laramídicas.Se presenta en este trabajo el primer mapa geológico de la zona minera de Las Minas, con las estructuras geológicas mayores reconocidas: los ríos Las Minas y Trinidad, presentan un corrimiento NNE-SSW que corresponde a sistemas de fallas. Los análisis geoquímicos obtenidos de los intrusivos indican que los productos pertenecen a un ambiente de arco volcánico de margen convergente, que concuerda con uno de los ambientes tectónicos de formación de los sistemas IOCG, pertenecientes al campo de la serie subalcalina de tipo calcialcalino con contenidos de potasio altos. Dicho todo esto el área de Las Minas presenta un potencial económico minero si se sigue explorando.

Climate Change Implications for Irrigated Agriculture in the Lower Indus Basin. Wheat Production in Pakistan Provinces Sindh and Punjab

Seminar paper from the year 2022 in the subject Geography / Earth Science - Geology, Mineralogy, Soil Science, grade: 1,0, University of Hamburg (Erdsystemwissenschaften), language: English, abstract: This paper examines the impacts of climate change on irrigated agriculture in southern Pakistan. The Pakistani provinces of Sindh and Punjab are part of the Lower Indus Basin, where the Indus River is the main source of irrigation. Statements about the future development of wheat production are difficult because they are based on climate forecasts, which themselves exhibit a high degree of variance. Accordingly, relevant literature shows differences in statements about the influence of climate change on wheat production and usually focuses on the influence of temperature, precipitation and extreme weather, but does not consider the discharge of the Indus River.This paper reviews current research findings from various sources based on the factors of (1) temperature and precipitation, (2) extreme weather events, and (3) Indus runoff volume, and is the first paper to combine all three factors to make predictions about wheat production. Finally, an overview of possible adaptation strategies is provided.

Constructed Wetland for municipal sewage wastewater treatment in Middle East/North Africa [MENA] (Iran)

Wissenschaftliche Studie aus dem Jahr 2013 im Fachbereich Geowissenschaften / Geographie - Geologie, Mineralogie, Bodenkunde, , Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: The Middle East and North Africa (MENA region) is located between longitudes 130 W and 600 E between latitudes 150 N and 400 N covering a surface area of about 11.1 million square kilometers or about 8% of the area of the world (Fig. 1). MENA is the home for about 300 million people, or about 5% of the world's population, with an average annual population growth rate of 1.7% (World Bank, 2005). The 21 countries in the MENA region have many similarities of arid conditions (85% of the area is desert). Water resources are adversely affected as a result of changes in climate, population, economic development and environmental considerations. The MENA region can be considered as the most water-scarce region of the world (Droogers et al., 2012).Iran (one of the countries in the Middle East located in southwest Asia) was used as the case study because certain parameters (precipitation, evapotranspiration, temperature and population equivalent) used were derived from this country. Iran has a complete desert climate that is very hot in the summer and relatively cold in the winter with scarce rainfall of 200 mm/year and high evapotranspiration (Droogers et al., 2012). Water crisis has appeared in Iran as a serious problem. There are reasons for that: (1) Lack of proper water management and (2) Occurrence of drought (Motiee et al., 2000)Consequent to severe water scarcity, there is need for treatment of the generated wastewater for reuse. Constructed Wetland is one of the secondary treatments for treating primary effluent. This was designed to treat municipal sewage wastewater for one thousand persons in Iran.

Construction and Testing of Single and Double Ring Infiltrometers

Academic Paper from the year 2011 in the subject Geography / Earth Science - Geology, Mineralogy, Soil Science, , language: English, abstract: This paper presents the results of the construction of an improvised double and single ring infiltrometers. The study was carried in Auchi Polytechnic campus, after the construction, the double ring and single ring infiltrometer were used to carryout infiltration tests at four different locations. Infiltration is the process of water movement from the ground surface into the soil and is an important component in the hydrological cycle. Infiltration characteristics of soils can be quantified by direct measurement on the field and/or when field infiltration data are fitted mathematically to infiltration models. Lili et al. reviewed the commonly used direct methods for measuring soil infiltration which include: single ring and double ring infiltrometers, mariotte-double ring infiltrometer, disc permeameter, rainfall simulator, runoff-on-ponding, runoff-on-out and linear source methods, the results obtained from field infiltration test and soil analysis are used for infiltration modeling. The general knowledge of the infiltration rate of soils has been obtained for many field conditions in the past, and results applied in many field works, there is dearth of information on the infiltration characteristics of soils within Auchi Polytechnic campus which would have aided engineers in hydrologic/hydraulic design of water disposal structures, soil management and erosion control works et cetera. The knowledge of the infiltration capacity of soils within Auchi Polytechnic campus will be very helpful in carrying out soil related research works, infrastructural works and other works involving erosion control and management.

Deutschland im Eiszeitalter

Fachbuch aus dem Jahr 2010 im Fachbereich Geowissenschaften / Geographie - Geologie, Mineralogie, Bodenkunde, , Veranstaltung: -, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Das Taschenbuch "Deutschland im Eiszeitalter" des Wiesbadener Wissenschaftsautors Ernst Probst schildert den wechselvollen Verlauf der von starken Klimaschwankungen geprägten Epoche der Erdgeschichte vor etwa 2,6 Millionen bis 11.700 Jahren. In diesem Zeitabschnitt, der Eiszeitalter oder Pleistozän genannt wird, gab es Warmzeiten, in denen zwischen Nordseeküste und Alpenrand ähnliche Verhältnisse wie heute in Afrika herrschten. Andererseits rückten in Eiszeiten die Gletscher aus dem Norden bis in die Gegend von Dresden, Erfurt und Recklinghausen sowie aus dem Süden bis Biberach an der Riss, Fürstenfeldbruck und Burghausen an der Salzach vor und begruben die Landschaft unter einem dicken Eispanzer. Während der Warmphasen schwammen Flusspferde im Rhein und in anderen Flüssen. Dagegen lebten in Kaltphasen zottelige Mammute, Fellnashörner und Moschusochsen auf dem Festland. Im Eiszeitalter existierten zu unterschiedlichen Zeiten die "Heidelberg-Menschen", Neandertaler und ersten anatomisch modernen Menschen. Aus der Feder von Ernst Probst stammen auch die Taschenbücher "Rekorde der Urzeit", "Rekorde der Urmenschen", "Der Ur-Rhein", "Höhlenlöwen", "Der Mosbacher Löwe", Säbelzahnkatzen" und "Der Höhlenbär".

Die Dynamik der Erde

Effect of convectional and locally sourced reagents on the floatation of iperindo gold bearing ore

Master's Thesis from the year 2021 in the subject Geography / Earth Science - Geology, Mineralogy, Soil Science, grade: 4.5, , language: English, abstract: This research is aimed at studying the amenability of lperindo lode gold deposit to froth flotation using convectional and locally-sourced frother and collector, leading to the comparison of their recovery efficiency. The high demand for metals have resulted in the need for large throughput plants to deliver increased productivity, increased utilization and reduced operational cost. The 315 Exploration Licenses issued in 2016, in respect of the priority minerals identified by Nigeria government, gold top the list. It has been observed that the gross domestic products of many countries of the world are directly related to the quantum of metal products produced or consumed by those nations and Nigeria deserves to be among gold producing nations of the world with enhanced economy because Nigeria economy cannot longer rely on petroleum. However, Nigeria will benefit immensely from the mining and processing of its gold deposits because Iperindo lode gold ore, being one of Nigeria's gold deposits can affect our economy positively if value is added to it by way of mining and processing it efficiently.The scope of this research encompasses sourcing for Iperindo lode gold ore from its deposit, chemical characterization of the sourced gold ore by using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), ascertaining the mineralogical assemblage and elemental composition of the gold ore using X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) while the optical microscopy analysis using scanning electron microscope (SEM/EDX). Comminution and particle size analysis of the gold ore was carried out using the following sieve sizes: +500, -500+355, -355+250, -250+180, -180+125, -125+90, -90+63, -63+45 and -45 µm. Froth flotation process using the locally sourced frother and collector follow by the characterization of the concentrate and tailing to determine the grade of gold recovered at each stages and finally, evaluation of the results.

Effect of physical soil and water conservation measures on physico-chemical properties of soil

Seminar paper from the year 2022 in the subject Geography / Earth Science - Geology, Mineralogy, Soil Science, grade: 17, Hawassa University (University), course: Soil science, language: English, abstract: The main objective of this review is to discuss the effect of physical soil and water conservation practices on physicochemical properties and fertility status of soil. Soil degradation is deterioration of the physical, chemical and biological or economic properties of soil (Maitima and Olson, 2001). It has a negative impact on agricultural economy and the natural environment (Taddese, 2001, (Keno and Suryabhagavan, 2014). Human activity, such as conversion of forests to agricultural land, increased cultivation of marginal land, overgrazing, and subsistence agriculture practiced on marginal lands with steep gradients; accelerate soil erosion (Lal, R., 1996). Increasing population pressure has lead people to use marginal lands for cultivation and grazing and severely overexploit the natural resource base of the region (Hurni, 1993; Shiferaw and Holden, 1998). The exploitation of these natural resources is inextricably linked to securing food and livelihoods (Dubale, 2001; Adimassu et al., 2012). This has resulted in accelerated soil erosion, deforestation, water resource depletion and environmental degradation (Desta, 2000; Berry, 2003; Mitiku et al., 2006; Nyssen et al., 2008; Change, 2014).

Eiszeiten - Naturräumliche Ausstattung und Bodenbildung in glazial und periglazial geprägten Landschaften Norddeutschlands

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2008 im Fachbereich Geowissenschaften / Geographie - Geologie, Mineralogie, Bodenkunde, Note: 1,3, Universität zu Köln, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: In der Hausarbeit soll die Entstehung und Auswirkung der glazialen und periglazialen Prozesse auf die naturräumliche Ausstattung und der damit verbundenen differenzierten Bodenbildung aufgezeigt werden.Die Landschaft Norddeutschlands unterlag, insbesondere seit Mitte des Pleistozäns, einigen für die heutige Gestalt verantwortlichen klimatogenen Prozessen. Diese zeigten sich durch Wechsel von Kalt- und Warmzeiten in Verbindung mit der Formung des Reliefs. Daraus entstanden sehr verschiedene Ausgangssituationen für die im Holozän stattfindenden und heute bedeutsamen Bodenbildungsprozesse. Eiszeiten sind relativ kurze Zeitabschnitte der (jüngeren) Erdgeschichte, die für die Landschaft, Vegetation und Tierwelt jedoch entscheidende Faktoren darstellen. Am bekanntesten sind jene der jüngeren Erdgeschichte, in welchen weltweit niedrige Temperaturen auftraten, die zu Gletschervorstößen und Inlandeisbildungen führten. Ausgangspunkte waren die höheren Breiten und die globalen Hochgebirge. Ein Beleg für die prähistorische Existenz von Kaltzeiten sind die Relikte der glazialen Landschaftsformung. Diese eiszeitlichen Formen finden wir in Moränenlandschaften. Moränen sind Ablagerungen von Gletschern, die Material transportieren, das ein Gemisch aus Sand, Kies, Schotter und Gesteinsbrocken ist. Eine Eiszeit besteht aus einer Aufeinanderfolge von Kaltzeiten, die von wärmeren Zwischenperioden, den Interglazialen, unterbrochen werden. Eiszeiten haben somit typische Landschaftsformen bilden können. Gerade das Norddeutsche Tiefland ist stark glazial geprägt worden und lässt sich somit von umliegenden Landschaften eindeutig abgrenzen (LESER 2003: 277f.). (...)

Elements of Bio-Resources Assessment in the Solomon Islands

Academic Paper from the year 2020 in the subject Environmental Sciences, , language: English, abstract: The paper makes a review of the evolution and traditional use of the biological resources in the Pacific islands in order to find common trends and problems, and the way how do major land cover changes driven by anthropic pressure influence the national economies and the environment. An assessment of timber growth performance in a plantation, the status of two threatened groups of key wildlife species, and the traditional use and description of lesser known trees, are discussed. Project summaries for small scale projects that can enhance training capacities on natural resources management and further improve rural livelihoods are also included. Finally there is a call to coordinate more interdisciplinary efforts on this rewarding enterprise, because by solving our own problems nationals can proclaim with confidence their full independence.The Solomon Islands is an independent country in the South Pacific consisting of six major islands, over 900 smaller islands and a population of over 655,000 with diverse ancestry. The islands have been settled for at least 30,000 years, their rainforests were subject to shifting cultivation and then logging since the 1920s. Man's future in the Pacific islands depends largely on his ability to conserve and manage island ecosystems. Since his arrival to the hundreds of islands, he was constantly developing new ways of resources use as food sources, construction materials, boatbuilding, medicines, and as a defence against nature abnormal events (droughts, floods and typhoons) or aggression from other groups. A historical review of the process of islands discovery, domestication of plants and impacts on wildlife is discussed alongside the effects of current main socioeconomic factors on land cover changes and of industrial pollutants accumulation on coastal ecosystems. It was found that although all islands states share a common ancestry and similar environments, the differences on forest cover and traditional utilization of natural bio-resources among islands are significant. A re-evaluation of the applicability of traditional practices at multiple sites can lessen impacts on the environment in societies that experience high demographic growth and where industrial development is unavoidable.

Erdwissenschaften

Dieser Band bietet eine Einführung in die Entstehung und Geschichte der Erde. Im Zentrum steht die Plattentektonik als treibende Kraft einer dynamischen Erde, und die Prozesse, die zur Bildung von magmatischen, metamorphen und sedimentären Gesteinen führen. Dargestellt wird, wie Interaktionen zwischen der Lithosphäre, der Hydrosphäre und der Atmosphäre den globalen Wasserhaushalt und Klimawandel über geologische Zeiträume beeinflussen.basics - Lehrbücher mit einem klaren Konzept:- Definitionen, Beispiele und Zusammenfassungen erleichtern den Überblick- Zahlreiche Abbildungen veranschaulichen dynamische geologische Zusammenhänge und Prozesse- ideal für die Prüfungsvorbereitung

Geology and Depositional Environment of Areas around Ihe, Anambra Basin, South-Eastern Nigeria

Bachelor Thesis from the year 2022 in the subject Geography / Earth Science - Geology, Mineralogy, Soil Science, grade: 4.06, University of Nigeria, course: Geology, language: English, abstract: The study covers the areas around Ihe, a town in Awgu southeastern Nigeria. It lies within the Anambra Basin and is underlain by the Nkporo Group and Mamu Formation. Geologic field mapping involved outcrop description and lithofacies analysis. Laboratory studies include sieve analysis, paleocurrent analysis and pebble morphometry. These studies were carried out in order to interpret the paleodepositional environment of the rocks mapped. The lithofacies mapped consist of six lithofacies which include; Cross bedded sandstone facies, Shale facies, Structureless (massive) sandstone facies, Parallel laminated sandstone facies, bioturbated sandstone facies, and Ironstone facies. These lithofacies represents three facies association; FA1 - marine deposits, FA2 - shoreface deposits and FA3 - mouth bar deposits. This implies that the sediments were deposited within the marginal marine, shallow marine and marine environment respectively. The results from sieve analysis indicates that the sandstones are medium - coarse grained and poorly moderately sorted. Derivations from multivariate and bivariate sieve results depicts a fluvial setting. The pebble morphometry result also implies a fluvial setting. The paleocurrent analysis showed a unimodal pattern with provenance in the NW, possibly the western and northcentral basement complex area. A mean vector azimuth of 79.6o and a variance of 758.635o signified low sinuosity fluvial setting and southeasterly paleoflow direction. The integration of the results gotten from the various analysis interprets the paleodepositional environment of Ihe and environs to be a fluvial dominated marginal marine environment.

Geology and Economic Potential of Barite Mineralization on Gombe Inlier, Gombe State, Nigeria

Research Paper (postgraduate) from the year 2007 in the subject Geography / Earth Science - Geology, Mineralogy, Soil Science, grade: A, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, course: Applied Geology - Economic Geology/ Mineral Exploration, language: English, abstract: Barite (BaSO4) mineralization occurs within Pan African fracture systems in the Gombe inlier. Gombe Inlier is a Basement dome within the Gongola Basin (Upper Benue trough in Nigeria) which exposes most of the stratigraphic sequence (Bima Sandstone, Yolde Formation, Pindiga Formation and Gombe Sandstone). Fieldwork was conducted from March 23rd - 29th 2007, 20 minerals and rock samples were taken from the veins and host rocks, and then Geochemical, petrographic and structural analysis were conducted to ascertain the quality of barite, associated minerals, nature of host rock and also the type of chemical as well as structural barriers for the mineralization. The results shows that the principal planar planes hosting mineralizations were found to trend mostly in NE - WSW direction which conforms well in smaller scale with the trend of strike slip faults that faulted the inlier and on a larger scale conforms with the general trend of the Benue trough. The fractures are therefore probably subordinate to the general structural trend of the Benue trough. The main associated mineralization was inferred to be anhydrite (CaSO4) which is also a sulphate like barite. This suggest competition for SO32+ by Ba2+ and Ca2+ but the deeper fractures host barite because Ba2+ originate from mantle and brought up by hydrothermal fluid through fractures while Ca2+ could be a dissolved ion in sea water. The quality of the barite in some veins is well over 70% BaSO4 which is economically viable. Part of barite in some veins were leached and recrystallized into spindle crystals by later hydrothermal fluid with little effect on its chemistry. The petrographic studies also revealed the purity of some barite veins and also indicated the presence of other associated minerals and also indicates the nature of the silica chemical barrier for the sulphate mineralizations.

Geology and Structural Analysis of Foliation Planes of Granite Gneiss exposed around Kanwara, Dass. Bauchi State

Bachelor Thesis from the year 2011 in the subject Geography / Earth Science - Geology, Mineralogy, Soil Science, grade: A, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University (FACULTY OF SCIENCE), course: GEOLOGY, language: English, abstract: This work produces some vital geologic information on the geology and structural analysis of rocks mapped around Kanwara, Dass local government area of Bauchi State. The mapped area is located between longitude N10001'09" and N1O000'09"and latitude E9032'42" and E9031'26". Exposure of rocks in the area were mostly high level and medium level outcrops with only a few low level outcrops, the high level outcrops were conically shaped with height ranging between 400m to 700m above sea level while the inselberg was about 900m. The predominant rock types in the area were granite gneiss, biotite granite and migmatite, under thin section, minerals were identified via their respective optical properties under both plane polarized light and cross polarized light, the major minerals associated with the rocks were; biotite, quartz, feldspars, (orthoclase & plagioclase), muscovite and microcline. Based on field observations, the geologic structures found on the rocks include; joints, foliations, minor folds, ghost schist, dykes and veins. The joints indicate the masking effect of the pan African orogeny on the older granites (trending NW-SE). The shape of the girdle from the structural analysis conducted indicates that the rocks of the mapped area were subjected to medium grade metamorphism.

Grain Size and Bioclogging Effect on the Permeability of Sandy Porous Media

Master's Thesis from the year 2014 in the subject Geography / Earth Science - Geology, Mineralogy, Soil Science, University of Manchester, course: Chemical Engineering with Design, language: English, abstract: Unearth the unseen world beneath our feet, where microscopic life orchestrates a silent revolution in resource recovery. This groundbreaking study plunges into the intricate relationship between grain size and bioclogging within porous media, revealing how these seemingly disparate elements converge to influence the efficiency of Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR). Explore the dynamic interplay of fluid flow, solute transport, and microbial activity as this research unveils the mechanisms by which varying grain sizes impact biofilm formation and permeability alteration. Utilizing advanced Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), witness firsthand the visual evidence of microbial colonization on different grain surfaces, providing unprecedented insight into the bioclogging process. Discover how the manipulation of these subsurface ecosystems can optimize oil extraction, offering a sustainable path towards meeting global energy demands. This investigation delves into the heart of MEOR, examining the influence of sucrose as a carbon source and its subsequent effect on relative hydraulic conductivity and relative mobile porosity. Gain a comprehensive understanding of the theoretical underpinnings governing fluid behavior in porous media, coupled with meticulously designed experimental methodologies that illuminate the complexities of bioclogging. This research not only expands our knowledge of MEOR but also provides practical recommendations for future work, paving the way for innovative strategies in reservoir management and enhanced oil production. Keywords: Bioclogging, Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR), permeability, porous media, grain size, biofilm, hydraulic conductivity, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), sucrose, sand, relative hydraulic conductivity, relative mobile porosity, fluid dynamics, reservoir engineering, sustainable energy. Delve into this exploration to find out how strategic bioclogging can unlock trapped resources, contributing to a future where microbial power fuels our world. This work carefully explores how the manipulation of grain size can improve MEOR.

Groundwater Resource Assessment for Town Water Supply in South Africa. The Case of Steynsrus in the Free State Province

Master's Thesis from the year 2016 in the subject Geography / Earth Science - Geology, Mineralogy, Soil Science, grade: 3.4, University of the Free State (Institute for Groundwater Studies), course: Geohydrological Masters Programme, language: English, abstract: Groundwater resource assessment aims to obtain fundamental data and information needed to describe the hydraulic and chemical parameters in order to estimate the available groundwater resource which is suitable for drinking. This study was undertaken with the purpose of determining and estimating the groundwater occurrence, groundwater flow parameters, groundwater quality and storage in typical Karoo Main Basin aquifers such as in the Steynsrus study area in South Africa. The field investigations were designed to define and determine the sustainable yields and the properties of the aquifers and the exploitable volumes. The research places emphasis on the appropriate tools and their applications in order to understand the local aquifers so as to optimise the groundwater exploration for town water use and to determine the future water use.The geophysical surveying methods, particularly the magnetic method, were utilised to investigate and determine borehole drilling targets, and to locate groundwater potential structures, which are often associated with high borehole yields. The quality of the magnetic data utilised for drilling by the external consultant was critically evaluated and was found to be 'bad data'. Percussion drilling played an important role in providing geological subsurface information; in particular locations of fractures which are often associated with favourable groundwater flow were identified. Seventeen (17) boreholes were drilled in the whole project, seven (7) of the boreholes were sited by magnetometer survey and interpretation, and ten (10) of the drilled boreholes were sited by geological mapping and map interpretation. Twelve of the drilled boreholes were declared 'unsuccessful' due to yielding a blow yield below 1.00 L/s; therefore these boreholes were not considered for aquifer pump testing. Blow yields of five (5) of the newly drilled boreholes were between 1.5 and 24 L/s. Based on these findings, the aquifers in the study were concluded to be a fractured system of alternating layers of sandstone and shale formations, characterised by the favourable groundwater flow characteristics at the dolerite fractures, and in some cases bedding plane fractures of sandstone formations. The study demonstrates the value in the methods and concepts applied in geohydrological studies to understand the local aquifer properties and in order to estimate the sustainable yields and the groundwater balance.

Große Vulkanereignisse im Holozän. Erfassung, Datierung, Beispiele und Auswirkungen

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2015 im Fachbereich Geowissenschaften / Geographie - Geologie, Mineralogie, Bodenkunde, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck (Institut für Geographie), Veranstaltung: Seminar zur allgeminen Geographie, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über die großen Vulkanereignisse im Holozän.Im Kapitel 1 wird einführend kurz auf die Eruptionscharakteristik und die Klassifizierung von Vulkanereignissen eingegangen, um deutlich zu machen, was explosive Vulkaneruptionen mit globalen Folgen von kleineren Eruptionen unterscheidet.Im Kapitel 2 wird der Effekt der Klimaabkühlung zufolge troposphärischer Aerosole behandelt. Dieser Aspekt ist wesentlich, da es sich hierbei um eine globale mehrjährige Folgeerscheinung der Eruption handelt.In Kapitel 3 werden Belege für große Vulkanereignisse genauer erklärt. Noch Jahrtausende nach dem Ausbruch können Aerosole in Klimaarchiven wie polaren Eisbohrkernen und marinen bzw. lakustrinen Sedimenten und die klimatischen Auswirkungen im Jahrringbild von Bäumen nachgewiesen werden. Auf die Datierung von Vulkaneruptionen anhand solcher Archive wird hier genauer eingegangen. Dabei werden aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse des westantarktischen "WAIS-Divide-Ice-Core" mit einbezogen.Im Kapitel 4 werden einige ausgewählte bedeutsame Vulkanereignisse im Holozän beschrieben. Neben den größten und heftigsten Eruptionen enthält diese Auswahl solche mit katastrophalen und globalen Auswirkungen und Beispiele für die Vielfältigkeit katastrophaler Folgeerscheinungen wie Tsunamis, vulkanische Fallablagerungen, und Lahare. Außerdem werden jüngere Ereignisse aufgegriffen, die wissenschaftlich besonders gut beobachtet, dokumentiert und analysiert wurden.

Kaffeeplantagen im Südosten Brasiliens. Erdbeobachtungsbasiertes Monitoring der Anbaugebiete

Major Element Analysis of Basement Complex Rocks Around Bajabure Area Maiha L.G.A Adamawa State North-Eastern Nigeria

Project Report from the year 2014 in the subject Geography / Earth Science - Geology, Mineralogy, Soil Science, grade: B+, , course: Geology, language: English, abstract: Geological field mapping was carried out within the study area (Bajabure). Basement rocks known as the older granite suite were the dominant occurring rocks which varies texturally from the fine grained granite to medium grained granite to coarse grained granite to coarse porphyritic biotite granite. Minor suites of granite gneiss, and pegmatite were also observed in the study area. Mylonite was also observed that trend in N-S direction. The samples collected were subjected to geochemical analysis for major oxide composition using the X ray fluorescence spectrometer. Geochemical results indicates that Silica (Si02) content ranges from 72.14wt% to 74.53wt% while Aluminium oxide or Alumina (A1203) ranges from 13.26wt% to 14.57wt%. Calcium oxide (CaO) ranges from 0.53wt% to 1.00wt%. Sodium oxide (Na20) ranges from 2.03wt% to 3.63wt% while Potassium oxide (K20) ranges from 4.91wt% to 6.48wt%. Haematite (Fe203) ranges from O.63wt% to 1.59wt%, Manganese oxide (MnO) ranges from 0.005wt% to 0.017% while Magnesium oxide (MgO) ranges from 0.14wt% to 0.58wt%. Titanium oxide (Ti02) ranges from 0.109wt% to 0.441wt%. Phosphorus Pentaoxide (P205) ranges from 0.04wt% to 0.16wt%. Loss of ignition (LOI) ranges from O.46wt% to 1.35wt%. Chemical variation plots indicate that the rocks are mostly Calc.alkaline and Peraluminous. The silica content of the samples (> 66%) suggests that all the rocks are acidic and that the rocks from Bajabure are cogenetic and compares favourably with those from the Northern Cameroon volcanic line and other parts of the basement complex of Nigeria.

Naturschutzfachliche Aufwertung von Unternehmensarealen. Konzept zur Integration lokaler Naturschutzziele

Masterarbeit aus dem Jahr 2014 im Fachbereich Geowissenschaften / Geographie - Geologie, Mineralogie, Bodenkunde, Note: 1, Universität Salzburg (Geographie und Geologie), Veranstaltung: Stadtökologie, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: In dieser Masterarbeit wird ein Konzept zur naturnahen Gestaltung von Unternehmensarealen entwickelt. Dabei steht eine naturschutzfachliche Aufwertung der Flächen unter Einbeziehung des bayerischen Arten- und Biotopschutzprogrammes auf Landkreisebene im Fokus. Ziel ist es, Unternehmensareale als Lebensräume für naturschutzfachlich relevante Arten zu erschließen. Schwerpunkt der Arbeit ist die Entwicklung einer mehrstufigen Methodik: Nach einem speziellen Schema werden aus dem Spektrum regional auftretender geschützter oder gefährdeter Arten Zielarten für die Umgestaltung von Betriebsgeländen ausgewählt. Durch Berücksichtigung der Ansprüche, die diese Zielarten an ihre Lebensräume stellen, können im lokalen Kontext sinnvolle und standortgerechte Aufwertungsmaßnahmen abgeleitet und geplant werden. Es wurden Arten ausgewählt, die im Umfeld der Betriebsgelände nachgewiesen wurden. Darum bestehen die von ihnen bevorzugten Habitatstrukturen in diesem Gebiet. Da es sich um naturschutzfachlich relevante Arten handelt sind diese Strukturen jedoch tendenziell eher selten. Das Konzept beinhaltet somit auch einen Leitfaden zur Identifizierung seltener, aber lokal typischer und für die Zielarten überlebenswichtiger Strukturen. Wenn ein Areal durch Schaffung dieser Strukturen naturnah gestaltet wird, liegt eine naturschutzfachliche Aufwertung vor, die sich an den Ansprüchen ausgewählter lokal auftretender Arten orientiert. Zudem führt eine Aufwertung nach diesen Kriterien unter Umständen dazu, dass sich ein Betriebsgelände besser in die regionaltypische Landschaft eingliedert.Das Konzept wird in dieser Arbeit beispielhaft auf zwei Unternehmensareale angewendet. Es werden jeweils Zielarten benannt und auf Grundlage der Lebensraumansprüche dieser Arten Maßnahmen für ausgewählte Zielflächen auf den Arealen vorgeschlagen.

Plan de Manejo Integral para la Mitigación del Riesgo Geológico que afecta al sector Las Lomas del barrio San Francisco de la ciudad de Cartagena

Tesis del año 2013 en eltema Ciencias de la Tierra / Geografía - Geología, mineralogía, pedología, Nota: ninguna/ nicht bewertet, , Idioma: Español, Resumen: Los escenarios de riesgo geológico que originan desastres naturales, muertes y perdidas económicas son causados por actividades humanas que alteran la normalidad y equilibrio del ambiente, entre las que se tienen la explotación errónea e irracional de los recursos naturales renovables como los bosques y el suelo y no renovables como los minerales, los cambios en los drenajes naturales, la construcción en zonas de ladera de alta pendiente o cualquier otra amenaza geológica, entre otras. Sin embargo para activar estos escenarios de riesgo y convertirlos en catástrofes es necesario llevarlos a una condición que supere su estado de equilibrio límite. En virtud a estos cambios que generan escenarios de riesgo se deben elaborar planes de prevención y control para recuperar y mejorar su condición de estabilidad. El caso del barrio San Francisco en donde la población se vio afectada por fenómenos de remoción en masa producto de la alteración en las condiciones naturales de la zona y la llegada de la temporada invernal intensificada por el fenómeno de la Niña, es un claro ejemplo de la falta de planes de prevención en el distrito, y la falta de una política definida para la creación de dichos planes; por está razón es pertinente elaborar planes de manejo para la mitigación del riesgo, que garanticen el control de las condiciones desfavorables e impidan la propagación y ocurrencia de desastres. Para elaborar el plan de manejo de San Francisco fue necesaria una fase investigativa para determinar causas y condiciones naturales y otra exploratoria en donde se definieron consecuencias, factores contribuyentes y eventos detonantes; así se definió un plan integral que contrarrestará la condición de riesgo, el mismo consta de dos métodos, uno de elusión de la amenaza a través de la evacuación de la zona y el otro de estabilización a través de obras de drenaje, perfilamiento del terreno y obras de contención. Este plan de manejo se puede utilizar en cualquier lugar del distrito, donde no se pretenda recuperar urbanísticamente sino crear áreas de protección, pues es económico y garantiza la condición de equilibrio y/o estabilidad para este uso.