Thermodynamik

Air-Cooled Condenser Operation under Varying Ambient Conditions

Scientific Study from the year 2024 in the subject Physics - Thermodynamics, , language: English, abstract: The objective of this report is to make up for the following deficiencies at least on a general level - while still using first principles.Air-cooled condensers are widely used at the cold end of thermal power cycles. With this equipment cooling water required in wet cooled power plants may be saved on a large scale. To operate fans which convey dry cooling air to the condenser modules electric power is required which reduces overall power plant effectiveness. Consequently, pumping power consumption should be as small as possible. During operation it is therefore common to reduce fan power consumption by switching down or off fans of individual modules or, in some case complete ACC streets if ambient conditions and operation parameters are promising.Performance guarantees are normally specified with all equipment in full action. Only primary variable variations such as ambient temperature, ambient air pressure or total steam flow rate for a reduced range at fan full speed are part of the performance guarantee. Therefore, effects of fan switch or high cross-wind levels remain open issues.

Alternative vehicle propulsion system with significantly reduced emission values based on cold liquefied air

Scientific Essay from the year 2020 in the subject Physics - Thermodynamics, , language: English, abstract: This document describes the development and calculation results of an efficiency-enhanced internal combustion machine (hereinafter referred to as BlueXTurb) with very low emission and consumption values, which can serve as an alternative vehicle power unit. The conventional Joule-Brayton cycle is greatly improved by drastically lowering the compressor outlet temperature and increasing the turbine inlet pressure. The thermodynamic efficiency of the machine is increased by increasing the total pressure ratio to over 500:1. This is made possible by supplying the oxidizer in cold liquid form (approx. -190 ° C) with the greatest possible density and the least compressibility. The turbo-electric power unit concept promises the greatest advantages for a motor vehicle, i.e. a turbine that directly drives a (high-frequency) generator and can thus be kept at the optimal operating point. This means that electricity is available in a current/voltage conversion - with intermediate storage if necessary. The weight of the energy carrier - cold liquefied air and a small amount of liquid or gaseous fuel - including the vessel can be reduced by at least half compared to the traction battery of an electric vehicle of the same range. Gasoline, natural gas, ethanol, hydrogen, e-fuels or a gas mixture such as hythane can serve as a fuel. Compared to a modern, conventional Otto engine, the CO2 emissions of a car with a gasoline BlueXTurb power unit can be reduced by around 60-70% under realistic conditions. An H2-BlueXTurb enables a cost-effective and compact CO2-free propulsion system. The concept is able to meet the European CO2 emission limits, both as a car power unit and as a truck propulsion system by 2030.

Construction de la Petite Centrale Hydroélectrique de 4.5MW à la Rivière "Molungu"

Travail de Projet (scientifique-pratique) de l'année 2016 dans le domaine Physique - Physique appliquée, , langue: français, résumé: Le projet a pour objet la construction, l'exploitation et la maintenance d'une centrale de production d'e¿lectricite¿ d'origine hydroe¿lectrique d'une capacite¿ de 4.5MW dans le village de Bokangadua, ä l'Est de Gemena. La centrale sera e¿rige¿e sur la rivie¿re Molungu, apre¿s le pont nouvellement construit. Elle sera connecte¿e au re¿seau de la SNEL par des lignes de transmissions ae¿riennes raccorde¿es ä un transformateur MT/HT qui sera e¿rige¿ ä proximite¿ du site, situe¿ ä moins de 100m de celui-ci. Ce guide technique s'adresse aux professionnels de construction des barrages hydroélectriques.

Einführung in die Arbeit mit dem Layoutprogramm EAGLE

Fachbuch aus dem Jahr 2012 im Fachbereich Physik - Angewandte Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg (Physik, Abteilung Technische Bildung), Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Mit der Entwicklungssoftware EAGLE, dem weltweit wohl bekanntesten Platinenlayout-Programm, können Platinen entworfen werden. Diese Software eignet sich nicht nur für den Entwurf von Layouts mit Mikrocontrolern, sondern man kann mit ihr Platinen für alle elektronischen Schaltungen entwickeln. Diese Buch biete eine Einführung in die Arbeit mit EAGLE 6.2.0.

Einführung in die Thermodynamik

Skript aus dem Jahr 2015 im Fachbereich Physik - Thermodynamik, Duale Hochschule Baden Württemberg Mosbach, Veranstaltung: Einführung in die Thermodynamik, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Das Buch "Einführung in die Thermodynamik" richtet sich vorrangig an Studenten der Ingenieurswissenschaft und ist darauf abgestimmt, die angesprochene Thematik innerhalb eines Semesters zu vermitteln. Dabei wird die Historie der Thermodynamik angesprochen und die mathematischen Herleitungen der betrachteten Hauptsätze gezeigt. Die faktisch unübersehbare Vielfalt, die mit der Thermodynamik verbunden ist, erforderte naturgemäß eine Spezifizierung der Stoffauswahl, insbesondere bei der begrenzten Zeit eines Semesters.Im Einzelnen waren hierfür besonders folgende Überlegungen leitend: Bekanntlich ruht die Thermodynamik auf den Säulen der vier Hauptsätze. Ohne ein grundlegendes Verständnis dieser Begriffe ist ein echter Zugang zur Thermodynamik nicht möglich. Deshalb wird die Entwicklung derselben, insbesondere die ersten beiden Hauptsätze, ausführlicher dargestellt. Als exemplarische Anwendungen werden die Verflüssigung von Gasen nach van der Waals sowie das Massenwirkungsgesetz von Guldberg und Waage behandelt.

File Utilities zur Erstellung eigener wissenschaftlicher Auswerteprogramme

Investigation of Optical and Electrical Properties of Laser Deposited CdS Thin Films to be used in Photoelectric Applications

Master's Thesis from the year 2004 in the subject Physics - Applied physics, Cairo University (National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences (NILES)), course: Laser Systems Department, language: English, abstract: Unlocking the potential of next-generation solar cells and optoelectronic devices requires a deep dive into the synthesis and characterization of advanced materials. This book embarks on a comprehensive exploration of Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) thin films, meticulously crafted using the sophisticated technique of laser deposition. Journey through a detailed investigation of the intricate relationships between a film's atomic structure and its resulting optical and electrical behaviors. Readers will gain invaluable insights into the fundamental physics governing laser-target interaction, plume dynamics, and the subsequent film growth, forming a robust understanding of the entire deposition process. Discover how cutting-edge experimental techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), are employed to unravel the secrets of the CdS microstructure, revealing critical parameters like crystallite size and microstrain. Explore a wealth of data on the optical properties of these films, including their transmittance, reflectance, and absorption characteristics across a broad spectrum, allowing for precise determination of crucial optical constants. Furthermore, the book delves into the electrical properties of CdS thin films, analyzing AC conductivity and dielectric behavior to assess their suitability for diverse photoelectric applications. Grasp the nuances of photoconductivity mechanisms and spectral response, crucial for optimizing device performance. Through rigorous analysis and insightful discussion, this book illuminates the path toward tailoring CdS thin films for enhanced performance in solar cells, photodetectors, and other advanced technological applications. It serves as an indispensable resource for researchers, engineers, and students seeking to master the art and science of thin film deposition and characterization, providing a roadmap for innovation in the ever-evolving field of optoelectronics, offering pathways for creating novel materials with enhanced light absorption and charge transport capabilities that are paramount for efficient energy conversion and advanced optoelectronic functionalities. It also unveils an in-depth exploration of plasma plume characteristics, a critical factor influencing the quality and properties of the deposited films, and explains complex concepts such as the energy band structure of semiconductors.

Logic gates for beginners

Script from the year 2015 in the subject Physics - Applied physics, , language: English, abstract: This book is written for understanding the basic concepts of logic gates and Boolean algebra that comes in Senior/Higher secondary classes. The students of these classes are not familiar with the symbols and logical operation of various basic building blocks of a digital circuit. There are plenty of instruments used in daily life that are based on the digital principles so the knowledge of these building blocks helps a lot to understand the working of these devices.

Modellierung von Solar-Luft-Kollektoren

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2013 im Fachbereich Physik - Angewandte Physik, Note: 1,0, Fachhochschule Nordhausen, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Modellierung von Solar-Luft-Kollektoren. Grundlegend werden die verschiedenen Bauformen charakterisiert. Dem folgen die Grundlagen zur Modellierung und Basismodellkongurationen bei Luft-Kollektoren. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist das allgemeine Vorgehen der Modellbildung aufzuzeigen und an dem konkreten Beispiel eines Luft-Kollektors mit einer Glasabdeckung und unterströmtem Absorber durchzuführen.

Nanotechnology and How it Works. Possible Ways to Use and Apply Nanotechnology

Research Paper (postgraduate) from the year 2022 in the subject Physics - Applied physics, grade: 10.0, , language: English, abstract: Nanoscience is the study of things that happen at the nanoscale. This means that different structures, devices, and systems must have one dimension that is 100 nanometers or smaller. There are many natural structures with a size of one or more nanometers. Nanotechnology could have a big effect on society and help people in many ways. Using nanomaterials could lead to the discovery of new ways to reduce pollution. On the other hand, these compounds could pose risks to human health that we don't know about yet. As long as the nanoparticles are attached to the carrier, there is no reason to think that they pose a greater risk to human health or the environment than materials that are bigger. Nanotechnology is different from other fields of technology because it can control things on a scale that is nanoscale. Nanotechnology has the potential to have a huge effect on society. Nanotechnology creates new materials that can do things at the nanoscale that no other materials can.The industries most open to nanotechnology are those that deal with information and communications, such as electronics and optoelectronics. People should be concerned about what happens to free nanoparticles that are made by nanotechnology and then released into the environment. Because of their size, shape, or make-up, these nanoparticles could be harmful to people. This is because they have properties that have never been seen before. If there is a chance that a completely new danger will be found, it is very important to look into the nature of the risk in great detail.

Sätze über fluiddynamische Wirbelspulen

Akademische Arbeit aus dem Jahr 2023 im Fachbereich Physik - Angewandte Physik, , Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Wirbelfäden, die helikale Systeme bilden, sind in der experimentellen Fluidmechanik bekannt. Im Labor und am Windkanal werden fluidmechanische Wirbelspulensysteme beobachtet, vermessen und phänomenologisch beschrieben. Die experimentelle Forschung zu fluidmechanischen Wirbelspulen findet in den 80er Jahren des vergangenen Jahrhunderts ihren Höhepunkt. Zu dieser Zeit existiert jedoch keine Theorie fluidmechanischer Wirbelspulen und auch kein physikalisches Modell, das die Existenz von Wirbelspulen verifiziert oder systemeigene Parameter untersucht und bestimmt. Neuere feldtheoretische Untersuchungen und numerische Modellrechnungen legen prinzipielle Eigenschaften fluidmechanischer Wirbelspulen frei und eröffnen eine Diskussion über ihre Bedeutung in der belebten Natur und ihrer technischen Nutzung im Sinne der anwendungsbezogenen Bionik.

Thermodynamische Kreisprozesse und ihre theoretischen Grundlagen

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2013 im Fachbereich Physik - Thermodynamik, Note: 15, , Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Ein kurzer, verständlicher Überblick zu den grundlegenden thermodynamischen Gesetzen und ihrer Anwendung anhand des Stirlingmotors

Thermohydraulic Comparison of Fin Tubes

Scientific Essay from the year 2017 in the subject Physics - Thermodynamics, , language: English, abstract: The following report attempts to make up for the deficiencies of theoretical Reynolds comparison by using an approach based on redefined parameter groups - specifically meant for cross-flow air coolers and/or air-cooled condensers. It will allow to directly evaluate different fin tube systems based on their performance characteristics alone. Fin tubes are core elements of air cooled heat exchangers in industrial cooling applications. Thermohydraulic performance of the cooling system defines the overall size of the equipment. Fin tube characteristics vary over a large range resulting from geometry, material or manufacturing process. As a general rule - the better the performance the smaller and more competitive the design will be. Consequently, manufacturers strive for thermohydraulic optimization of their product line. A key factor is the ability to properly compare different cooling devices.Comparison methods have been a topic in the academic field over a long period of time. Methods proposed so far have been based on classical dimensionless parameters, especially Reynolds number. Apart from transport properties Reynolds numbers include a geometric parameter pertinent to the individual heat exchanger system. If geometry is varied Reynolds changes as well. This is one of the reasons why Reynolds based comparison methods - although theoretically sound - lack practical applicability.

Towards faster Production of Strongly Interacting Bose Gases. Optical Gray Molasses Cooling of Potassium-39

Master's Thesis from the year 2016 in the subject Physics - Applied physics, grade: 1,0, University of Heidelberg (Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie), language: English, abstract: Venture into the quantum realm where matter behaves in ways that defy everyday intuition. This groundbreaking study unlocks the secrets of ultracold 39K Bose gases, exploring their exotic properties and pushing the boundaries of atomic physics. Delve into the unitary regime, where interatomic interactions reach their maximum, giving rise to fascinating phenomena such as the Efimov effect and complex three-body correlations. Witness the direct measurement of contact densities C2 and C3, providing a quantitative understanding of these intricate quantum relationships. Observe the hydrodynamic behavior of a unitary thermal Bose gas as it undergoes rapid changes, revealing unexpected deviations from established theoretical models at high phase-space densities, hinting at the need for a deeper understanding of these systems. Beyond theoretical explorations, discover a novel and highly efficient technique for fast cooling of potassium atoms using optical gray molasses. This innovative approach enables the rapid cooling of approximately 2 x 1010 atoms from 350 ¿K to an astonishing 8 ¿K in a mere 10 milliseconds, opening new avenues for the creation and manipulation of ultracold quantum matter. Explore the intricate details of this cooling process, including the critical role of laser frequency detuning and light intensity. Follow the journey as these ultracold atoms are prepared for further experimentation through optical pumping, magnetic transport, and trapping in an optical dipole trap. This research not only advances our fundamental understanding of ultracold Bose gases but also provides valuable tools and techniques for future explorations in quantum science and technology. Ideal for researchers and students alike, this work provides critical insights into ultracold physics, quantum many-body physics, and the exciting possibilities of manipulating matter at the quantum level. Discover the power of optical gray molasses cooling and its potential to revolutionize the field of ultracold atomic physics, paving the way for groundbreaking discoveries in areas such as quantum computing and precision measurement. Explore the intricate dance of atoms in the unitary regime, where the Efimov effect reigns supreme and three-body correlations shape the destiny of ultracold Bose gases.