Genetik, Gentechnik

A Crack in Creation

Animal Genetics Erosion, Endangerment, Extinctions and Conservation Strategies

Seminar paper from the year 2023 in the subject Biology - Genetics / Gene Technology, grade: 3.95, Haramaya University (CAES), course: Animal and Range Scineces, language: English, abstract: There is an urgent need to document the diversity of our livestock genetic resources and to design strategies for their sustainable conservation and the main objective of this review is to exploring.The world watch list for domestic animal diversity documents more than 6 300 breeds and 7616 breeds of livestock belonging to 30 domesticated species. These breeds were developed following domestication and natural and human selection over the past 12 000 years. The current number of breeds is likely an underestimation since a large proportion of indigenous livestock populations of the developing world, where most animal genetic resources are found today; have yet to be described at phenotypic and genetic levels. The predominant species include cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, chickens, horses and buffalo. Several other domesticated animals like camels, donkeys, elephants, reindeer and rabbits are also valuable to different regions of the world. Cattle, sheep, chickens, are predominantly found all over the world, while goats and pigs are less uniformly distributed. Livestock populations have evolved a unique adaptation to their agricultural production system and agro ecological environments. Their genetic diversity has provided the material for the very successful breeding improvement programmes of the developed world in the 19th and 20th century. This represents a unique resource to respond to the present and future needs of livestock production, both in developed and developing countries. Recognizes The well importance of animal production for food security and rural livelihoods and particularly AnGR supply over 30% of total human requirements for food and agriculture and contribute to the livelihood of 70% of the world's rural poor. However, the purposes of raising livestock go beyond their direct output functions and include other significant economic and cultural roles. These include savings, insurance, cyclical buffering, accumulation and diversification, as well as various cultural roles related to status and the obligations of their owners.

Auswirkungen von chemotherapeutischem Stress auf die Struktur und die Funktion des Nukleolus

Diplomarbeit aus dem Jahr 2008 im Fachbereich Biologie - Genetik / Gentechnologie, Note: 1.0, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (Institut für klinische Molekularbiologie und Tumorgenetik), Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Zytostatika werden seit über 50 Jahren erfolgreich zur Behandlung von Krebserkrankungen eingesetzt. Im Detail ist allerdings unklar, welche zellulären Prozesse beim Einsatz von Zytostatika betroffen sind. Diese Arbeit zeigt, dass man die rRNA-Synthese, und damit die Hauptfunktion des Nukleolus, mit einer Reihe zytostatisch wirksamer Substanzen hemmen kann. Es gibt prinzipiell zwei Arten der Hemmung, die Transkriptions- oder die Prozessierungshemmung. Als besonders wirksame Zytostatikaklassen lassen sich die Interkalantien (Transkriptionshemmer) sowie die Kinaseinhibitoren und die Translationsinhibitoren (Prozessierungshemmer) definieren. Sie hemmen die rRNA-Synthese spezifisch, vollständig und zum Teil nicht-genotoxisch. Eine blockierte rRNA-Synthese führt zu mehreren definierbaren zellulären Stressantworten. Die Mehrheit der wirksamen Substanzen erzeugt eine Disintegration des Nukleolus, die einhergeht mit der Translokation nukleolärer Proteine (Nukleophosmin, Pescadillo1, Fibrillarin) aus dem Nukleolus sowie der Induktion von p53. Ausgewählte Substanzen sind auch in Kombinationen auf rRNA-Synthesehemmung und p53-Induktion getestet worden. Dabei konnten sowohl additive wie synergistische Phänomene bei der Hemmung der rRNA-Synthese nachgewiesen werden. Die Kombination aus 5-FU und Flavopiridol ist von besonderem Interesse, da sie neue Perspektiven zur Erforschung der molekularen rRNA-Synthesemechanismen aufzeigt und gleichzeitig Anreize zur Verbesserung klinischer Therapieschemata bietet. Die Kinaseinhibitoren an sich stellen eine interessante Zytostatikaklasse dar. Mit ihnen lassen sich eine überschaubare Anzahl nukleolärer Kinasen hemmen, was zu einer starken Hemmung der rRNA-Prozessierung führt. Spezifische nukleolärer Kinasen könnten deshalb als Zielproteine zur Entwicklung neuer Chemotherapeutika interessant sein. Auf diesem Feld sind weitere Experimente nötig, um einen klareren Einblick in die molekulare Wirkung und Regulation der Kinasen in der Ribosomenbiogenese zu bekommen. Die Bedeutung dieser Arbeit liegt darin, mit dem Nukleolus ein Subkompartiment zu untersuchen, das mit der Ribosomenbiogenese als Hauptfunktion an vielen Prozessen der Wachstums-, Proliferations- und Zellzyklusregulation beteiligt ist. Die Ribosomenbiogenese wir mit einer großen Zahl unterschiedlichster zytostatisch wirksamer Substanzen auf mögliche therapeutische Angriffspunkte überprüft.

Character Association and DNA profiling in Groundnut

Master's Thesis from the year 2015 in the subject Biology - Genetics / Gene Technology, grade: 8.5, , course: Master of Science in Agriculture, language: English, abstract: Groundnut, the 'king' of oilseeds is commonly known as "peanut" or "monkey nut" or 'Wonder nut" or "poor man's cashew nut". It belongs to subfamily Papilionaceae of the family Fabaceae. It is a self-pollinating crop with basic chromosome number ten and genome size 2800 Mb/lC. Peanut is grown for its high amount of edible oil and a reasonable amount of digestible protein. It is the richest plant source of thiamine and also rich in niacin, which is low in cereals. Peanut is also valuable source of vitamins E, K and B. Groundnut kernels are consumed as raw, boiled, roasted or fried products and also used in a variety of culinary preparations like peanut candies, butter, peanut milk and chocolates. Cake left after extraction of the oil is an excellent feed for livestock. Vegetative parts of groundnut like leaf and stem are good source of nutritionally high quality fodder for farm animals. Groundnut is believed to be originated from South America. Peanut is cultivated around the world in the tropical, sub-tropical and temperate climatic conditions between 40º South and 40º North of equator. The crop is grown in more than 100 countries worldwide. The major groundnut producers are China, India, Nigeria, USA, Senegal, Myanmar, Indonesia and the Sudan. Groundnut is grown on nearly 20.88 million ha worldwide with a total production of 34.66 million tons and an average yield of 1660 kg /ha. Developing countries account for over 97 per cent of world groundnut area and 95 per cent of total production. India is the second largest groundnut producing nation in the world with an area of about 5.53 million ha with a production and productivity of 9.67 million tones and 1750 kg/ha, respectively. Currently, six states viz., Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Rajasthan accounts for more than 90 per cent of the groundnut area and production of the country.

Das CRISPR/Cas9-System am Beispiel menschlicher Keimbahninterventionen. Möglichkeiten und Grenzen

Bachelorarbeit aus dem Jahr 2020 im Fachbereich Biologie - Genetik / Gentechnologie, Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Neu-Ulm; früher Fachhochschule Neu-Ulm , Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Mit der vorliegenden Bachelorarbeit werden interdisziplinäre Einblicke in das CRISPR/Cas9-System gewährt. Hierzu wird unter anderem die Macht des CRISPR/Cas9-Systems aufgezeigt und mit herkömmlichen Designernukleasen verglichen, um so sukzessiv auf das Potential hinzudeuten. Anschließend werden drei potentielle Anwendungsszenarien von Keimbahninterventionen aufgezeigt. Darüber hinaus werden deren Chancen und Herausforderungen erörtert. Die Grundlagen dieser Ausarbeitung werden an aktuellen Fachartikeln mittels einer systematischen Literaturrecherche gewonnen.Die Analyse der CRISPR/Cas9 Methode hat ergeben, dass die Realisierung von Keimbahninterventionen bereits möglich ist. Diese Erkenntnis wurde von bisher durchgeführten präklinischen Studien (Machbarkeitsstudien) von Liang et al. und Ma et al. an menschlichen Embryonen gewonnen. Da Keimbahnzellen an die Nachkommen vererbt werden, betrifft die Thematik der vorliegenden Bachelorarbeit nicht nur die gegenwärtige Gesellschaft, sondern auch die zukünftigen Generationen. Daher ist es umso wichtiger, die Gesellschaft zu diesem Thema aufzuklären und zu einer Mitentscheidung über Keimbahninterventionen zu fördern.

Entwicklung eines "plant-based" Impfstoffs gegen den Lungenwurm des Rindes

Masterarbeit aus dem Jahr 2013 im Fachbereich Biologie - Genetik / Gentechnologie, Note: 1,0, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover (Pflanzen Genetik), Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Genetically modified plants, which are used in the production of industrial materials orpharmaceuticals instead of feed and food production, are nowadays referred to aspharmaceutical plants. Due to genetic modification, these pharmaceutical plantsproduce important proteins (vaccines or antibodies) for pharmaceutical use asenzymes for different applications. In order to produce these proteins/enzymes thecoding DNA are incorporated into the genome of plant where the plants will expressthe protein to high level producing low cost molecules compared with otherexpression systems like cell culture, hypridoma, fermentas. As well as, when thetarget proteins has a lethal effect on E.coli hindering the overexpression. In temperateclimates such as Northern Germany the lungworm (Dictyocaulus viviparous) is one ofthe economically most important parasites of cattle. This parasite causes parasiticbronchitis disease, which occurs in varying intensity and-in some cases-can lead todeath of the infected animals.It was possible to control a lung worm infection with anthelmintics and even in somecountries with a live vaccine, which consists of X-ray attenuated larvae and pasturagetechnical measures. This vaccine can only induce a robust immunity in cattle for afew months. In addition, the production of these vaccines is very costly and suffersfrom limited durability. Therefore, an attempt was made in this work to producerecombinant proteins in high purity and in large amounts by using tobacco plants andto use these proteins instead of the previously available immunization as a vaccinewith high efficiency.First, the vectors were constructed harbouring SOD (superoxide dismutasepGIIMH35S-SOD vector size approximately 6138 bp). and NMT (N-methyl)(pGIIMH35S NMT-HIS vector size approximately 6322 bp) since expression of SODand NMT showed a toxic effect in E. coli, alternative system is needed like plantAbstractIVbased expression. Therefore, they were genetically transfered into tobacco plantsusing Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation. Different molecularbiology methods were used to confirm the integration of the genes into gDNA oftobacco like PCR and RT-PCR using different sets of primers at DNA and RNA leveland functional assays using Basta herbicide and enzymatic assys at protein level.The desired proteins were detected by western blot and their enzyme activity wasmeasured. [...]

Evaluation of genetic diversity of jackfruit (Artocapus heterophyllus Lam) varieties based on sequence analysis of the rbcL gene

Scientific Study from the year 2016 in the subject Biology - Genetics / Gene Technology, Mar Augusthinose College, language: English, abstract: Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) is commonly grown in home gardens of tropical and sub-tropical countries. The fruit contains high levels of carbohydrates, protein, starch, calcium and vitamins. Jack fruit has diverse medicinal uses, especially anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-cancer and anti-fungal activity. Jackfruit is considered to be an underutilized fruit where most of the fruits get wasted due to ignorance, lack of post harvest technology and gaps in supply chain systems. Jackfruit contains more protein, calcium, iron, vitamins and other essential nutrients as compared to the common fruits. To find out the morphological variation among jack fruits among Kerala we conducted an elaborative survey and found out the parameters such as tree characteristics, leaf characterises or fruit characteristics of selected samples. Both qualitative and quantitative data are measured using field visits and standard methods and morphological indicators; after analysis of data there is a morphological variation among the jack fruit samples identified. Advances in the genetic markers such as RFLP and PCR based methods are more reliable for identification of genetic diversity than morphological markers although each technique has advantages and limitations. The objective of this research work was to estimate the level of genetic diversity and to assess genetic relationships among six varieties of jackfruit using the 'rbcL gene' based on PCR technique and RFLP markers. The partial sequence of 'rbcL' gene of six different Artocarpus varieties was used in the analysis. The size of amplified products was approximately 700 bp. After sequencing and sequence editing, sequence information on a 651 bp region was finally obtained for analysis. The alignment of sequences revealed two haplotypes out of 651 sites. The nucleotide frequencies are 27.96% (A), 29.47% (T/U), 19.69% (C), and 22.89% (G). Being one of the underutilized fruits in India, Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam has promising leads to further scientific research and livelihood strategies. The study of rbcL gene using PCR and RFLP seems to be a promising tool in establishing genetic diversity among jackfruit varieties.

Genetics Basis of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone GnRH

Historischer Überblick über Entwicklung und Regulierung der Gentechnik

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2005 im Fachbereich Biologie - Genetik / Gentechnologie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Die vorliegende Arbeit beinhaltet eine Untersuchung über den historischen Überblick der Entwicklung und Regulierung der Gentechnik. Erkenntnisfortschritte in der Grundlagenforschung, vor allem in der Molekularbiologie, führten zur Entwicklung der Gentechnologie. Vereinfacht kann man dabei die Gentechnologie als die gezielte Veränderung des Erbmaterials von Organismen, sei es durch Austauschen von Genen oder durch Hinzufügen von Genen, bezeichnen, d.h., ein Organismus besitzt dann neue, bewusst eingebaute und vorher bekannte Eigenschaften. Die Gentechnik gilt heute unumstritten als eine der führenden Disziplinen der modernen Wissenschaft. Als solche kommt ihr für die Veränderung und Entwicklung der modernen Gesellschaften eine Rolle zu, wie sie jener der Physik und der Chemie seit Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts entspricht. Tatsächlich prägen Gen- und Biotechniken nicht nur das Natur- und Menschenbild unserer Gesellschaft, sie bestimmen vielmehr auch als Produktionstechniken unmittelbar die Lebenswelt des modernen Menschen. Absicht dieser Arbeit ist es, die Entwicklung und Regulierung der grünen Gentechnik darzustellen und einige Überlegungen der neuen Biotechnologie zu berücksichtigen. RESUMO: O trabalho apresentado contém uma investigação sobre a visão histórica do desenvolvimento e regulação da técnica genética. Progressos de reconhecimentos na pesquisa básica, antes de tudo na biologia molecular, conduziram para o desenvolvimento da técnica genética. Simplificando, pode-se sinalizar com isto que a técnica genética como transformação derivada do material de herança dos organismos, seja isto através de troca de genes ou através da introdução de genes, ou seja, um organismo ocupa como novo, conscientemente construído e com características antes conhecidas. A técnica genética vale hoje indiscutivelmente como uma disciplina condutora da ciência moderna. Como tal assume ela um papel para a transformação e desenvolvimento da sociedade moderna, ela corresponde e ocupa o lugar inovativo da física e da química do início do século passado. De fato, pregam a técnica genética e biotecnologia, não apenas o retrado da natureza e de pessoas, elas determinam muito mais como engenharia de produção diretamente universo da vida das pessoas na era moderna. A idéia central deste trabalho é apresentar o desenvolvimento e regulação da técnica genética verde e considerar algumas reflexões da nova biotecnologia.

Influence of nitrogen source on fermentation and higher alcohol production by an industrial strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: The Isoleucine case

Doctoral Thesis / Dissertation from the year 2012 in the subject Biology - Genetics / Gene Technology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (Institut National des Sciences Appliquées), course: Genetics, language: English, abstract: Uncover the secrets behind crafting the perfect flavor in alcoholic beverages! Delve into the intricate world of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its metabolic dance with nitrogen, where the choice of nutrient becomes the conductor of fermentation. This groundbreaking study meticulously examines how different nitrogen sources-from the common ammonium to the complex amino acids like leucine, isoleucine, valine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine-orchestrate the production of higher alcohols, those enigmatic compounds that define the very essence of a drink's aroma and taste. Journey through meticulously designed experiments using both industrial (JP1) and laboratory (CEN.PK113) strains to witness firsthand the profound impact of nitrogen on fermentation kinetics, unveiling how growth rates and doubling times are dramatically influenced by nutrient selection. Explore the fascinating Ehrlich pathway, the established route to higher alcohol formation, while simultaneously unraveling the mysteries behind unexpected alcohol production, potentially linked to metabolic overflow, amino acid leakage, and the hidden roles of mitochondrial compartments. This research dives deep into gene transcription patterns, providing a molecular-level understanding of how nitrogen dictates the expression of genes crucial for higher alcohol biosynthesis, opening avenues for precision metabolic engineering. Discover how manipulating nitrogen sources can become a powerful tool for controlling higher alcohol levels, ultimately shaping the sensory profile of beverages like cachaça and beyond. With detailed analysis of growth rates, glucose consumption, ethanol and acetate production, and the quantification of various higher alcohols, this thesis provides invaluable insights for optimizing fermentation processes and enhancing the organoleptic qualities of alcoholic beverages. Explore the potential for tailoring nitrogen inputs to achieve desired flavor profiles, paving the way for innovative strategies in the alcoholic beverage industry. This investigation not only sheds light on the intricate relationship between nitrogen, fermentation, and flavor but also offers a roadmap for future research and development in the pursuit of crafting beverages with unparalleled sensory appeal. Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, fermentation, higher alcohols, nitrogen source, amino acids, Ehrlich pathway, gene transcription, cachaça, organoleptic compounds, metabolic engineering, flavor, aroma, beverage quality.

Manipulation der Expression neuronaler Gerüstproteine mittels RNA-Interferenz

Bachelorarbeit aus dem Jahr 2013 im Fachbereich Biologie - Genetik / Gentechnologie, Note: 1,7, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (Institut für Biologie), Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Diese Bachelorarbeit widmet sich der Klonierung und Expression diverser neuer Vektoren, die einerseitsauf Basis des pSuper- (und des pLentiLox 3.7-) Plasmids den Gen-Knockdown von PSD-95, einem neuronalen Gerüstprotein, mittels shRNA-induzierter RNA-Interferenz ermöglichen. Andererseits werden auf pCMV-Tag-, pCherry-/pEYFP-N1 und pLentiLox 3.7-Plasmiden basierende Vektoren konstruiert, die die Einbringung diverser und z. T. Knockdown-resistenter PSD-95-Derivate in Säuger-Zellen erlauben.Das langfristige Ziel ist es, die speziellen Eigenschaften dieser einzelnen Vektoren in einem Konstrukt zu kombinieren: Als Vektor lentiviralen Ursprungs soll er die Möglichkeit des schonenden Gentransfers in sensible Nervenzellen in vitro und in vivo durch Infektion bieten. Innerhalb des Neurons kommt es hierdurch zur Stilllegung des "gesunden", endogenen PSD-95 mittels RNA-Interferenz. Währenddessen wird eine vektorkodierte modifizierte, knockdown-resistente Variante des PSD-95 exprimiert, die in der Zelle die Rolle des endogenen Proteins an dessen statt einnimmt. Liegt ein solcher Vektor erst vor, ist es schnell und auf einfache Art und Weise möglich, zusätzliche Mutationen in das knockdown-resistente PSD-95 einzubringen. Das erlaubt den effektiven Scan verschiedener Mutationen, welche zum Beispiel im potentiellen Zusammenhang mit etwaigen Krankheiten stehen könnten. Die Auswirkungen des mutanten Gens auf die Zellphysis können dann mit verschiedensten Methoden, etwa elektrophysiologisch, weiter untersucht werden.

Overview of Basic Tools and Methods for Genetic Engineering

Abstract from the year 2015 in the subject Biology - Genetics / Gene Technology, Junagadh Agricultural University (Department of Biotechnology), language: English, abstract: This summary provides key words as an overview of basic tools and methods used to modify genetic material. The manipulation of genetic material requires the knowledge of basic tools and procedures used for the manipulation of the genome. The aim of the text is to help understand some processes of genetic engineering.

Studies on genetic relationships among six varieties of jackfruit in Kerala employing the "matK" gene using PCR technique and RFLP markers

Scientific Study from the year 2017 in the subject Biology - Genetics / Gene Technology, Mar Augusthinose College, language: English, abstract: Artocarpus heterophyllus belong to the Moraceae family and are abundant in Western Ghats. The fruit provide two MJ per kg/wet weight of ripe perianth and contain high levels of carbohydrates, protein, starch, calcium and vitamins. Jackfruit has diverse medicinal uses especially for anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-cancer and anti-fungal activity. MatK (maturase K) genes are fast evolving, highly variant regions of plant chloroplast DNA that can serve as potential biomarkers for DNA coding and also in generating primers for plants with identification of unique motif regions. Advances in the genetic markers such as RFLP and PCR based methods are more reliable for identification of genetic diversity than morphological markers, although each technique has advantages and limitations. The objective of this research work was to estimate the level of genetic diversity and to assess genetic relationships among six varieties of jackfruit using 'matK gene' based on PCR technique and RFLP markers. The partial sequence of the 'matK' gene of six different Artocarpus varities was used in the analysis. The size of amplified products was approximately 700 bp. After sequencing and sequence editing, sequence information on a 674 bp region was finally obtained for analysis. The alignment of sequences revealed two haplotypes out of 674 sites. The nucleotide frequencies are 30.00% (A), 37.69% (T/U), 17.93% (C), and 14.39% (G). Being one of the underutilized fruits in India, Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. has promising leads to further scientific researches and livelihood strategies. The study of matK gene using PCR and RFLP seems to a promising tool in establishing genetic diversity among jackfruit varities. The tree, indigenous to the Western Ghats, is an important source of nutritious food during summer season. Encouragements should be made to the marketing as well as value added food products from this underutilized fruit tree.

Éléments de base en génétique bactérienne. Résumés de cours avec Questions et Réponses

Notes (de cours) de l'année 2024 dans le domaine Biologie - Génétique / Génie Génétique, University of Oran (Biology), cours: Tronc Commun Biologie, langue: français, résumé: Cet Aide mémoire de cours donne une approche empirique et descriptive de base en génétique fondamentale bactérienne. Il est destiné principalement aux étudiants universitaires inscrits en tronc commun licence sciences biologiques qui veulent s'initier dans ce domaine pour la préparation au programme de génétique approfondie. Une initiation aux éléments de base de cette discipline ouvre la perspective pour une compréhension approfondie dans le domaine de la génétique microbienne, la microbiologie et la virologie en général. Ce petit fascicule, peut être un bon outil d'enseignement universitaire.